Homosexuality- Same sex child adoption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homosexuality- Same sex child adoption - Essay Example Homosexuals consider it their right to live with the partner of their choice according to their will. But on the other hand, their choice is met with much criticism by religious and social groups who consider this aspect of human nature to be unethical. Homosexuals consider it their right to lead normal lives like other couples and they wish to opt for the completion of their family by adoption. But this issue is also criticized because it is argued that the homosexual parents will not be able to cater the needs of the children and will lay a negative impact on them. The subject of adoption by homosexual groups has been a challenge but these same sex couples have fought for the legalization of their rights and consider a stop on this adoption as an encroachment on their civil liberties and personal lives. The number of children who are being raised in homosexual families has increased to a great level and it has been reported that approximately 270,000 children are living with homosexual parents. There are many methods that are employed by the homosexuals for the purpose of raising children. They opt for methodologies which include artificial insemination for lesbian mothers, surrogate mothers for gay couples or adoption. It is not an easy option for them as it is for heterosexuals owing to the arrangements that they need to make before the process of adoption. Furthermore, they have to go through legal proceedings which also do not guarantee of the fact that whether they would be allowed to adopt the child or not (National Center for Lesbian Rights (U.S.). 2004; Perrin 2002). The raising of children by homosexuals is an issue of stereotyping. A woman in the United Kingdom who had to lose custody of her children owing to her addiction was shocked when she heard that her children were being adopted by gays. The grandparents of the children as well as other relatives were not very happy with this decision. They

Contemporary Issues in Community Corrections Research Paper

Contemporary Issues in Community Corrections - Research Paper Example This means that the main objective of corrections should just not to operate secure, orderly, protected and affordable prisons, but also to enhance public safety by ensuring that is an efficient inmate transition (Parent, & Barnett, 2002). Research conducted over the years has shown that prisons and community corrections are intricately linked to a point where a change in one affects the other. In nearly all the cases, arrests lead to jail time, convictions lead to initial trial, and depending on the severity of the crime, the offender is released to the community and if the community correction fails, the offender goes to prison. In reality, a very small minority comes into contact with criminal justice interventions meaning most of them go through community correction. It is therefore ideal to ensure that the right correctional method is administered to ensure that the community correction does not fail (Parent, & Barnett, 2002). Prison administrators are without doubt instrumental that prisons operate smoothly and in preparing the inmates for safe release. These two goals are related in an empirical manner in that any poor institutional behavior is tied to the higher rates of post-release crimes. Over the years, research has shown that the most effective method of ensuring that prisoners have good conduct is by setting up efficient correctional programs. In this case, for correctional facilities to be secure and safe, prison administrators ought to certify that the correctional platforms that they develop are based on evidence based practice (McGuire, 2005). For prisons, the concentration on short-term operational goals is logical but in most cases this can effortlessly diminish the available economic and human resources. In most cases, such concentration leaves minimal resources for the agencies to fulfill its commitment on the wider objectives of effective corrections as well as public safety.

Indigenous peoples in Australia Essay Example for Free

Indigenous peoples in Australia Essay Indigenous Peoples of Australia is categorized into two groups namely, the Aboriginal People and the Torres Strait Islanders (Sharp). Aboriginal peoples are said to be the group of IP’s, who became the first settlers in mainland Australia. The Torres Strait Islanders are the ones who are originally the inhabitants of the region between Australia and New Guinea. Indigenous Australians include a very diverse communities and societies across the whole Australia. Studies and researches show that there is an approximately 200 languages that are native to the Indigenous Australians and 20 of these languages are still being spoken up to now in Australia (Sharp). The majority of the Indigenous Australians resides in the south east near the Murray River. Indigenous Peoples in South Africa The African region has been termed as home for the majority of indigenous peoples (Clark). North and South Africa are comprised of indigenous communities which are also divided into several subgroups. Though hunting, gathering and pastoral means are the most basic means used by the indigenous peoples in Africa, some indigenous communities have already learned the agricultural system. As mentioned, the diverse indigenous communities in both North and South Africa are grouped not on the basis of their chronological subsistence but on the basis of their common characteristics in terms of cultural inclinations and lifestyle. Mining Operations in Australia and South Africa South Africa and Australia rank second and third respectively as the world’s top producers of gold (Indigenous Community Organisations and Miners, 2007). While gold is the second outstanding export product of Australia, it is the biggest export product of South Africa. It is undeniable that mining in both Australia and South Africa helps the two in advancing and maintaining good economic standings. However, other issues like human rights violations have been reportedly committed because of the mining operations in South Africa and Australia. On the other hand, South Africa and Australia have different cases in terms of the developments regarding the alleviation of human rights violations through mining operations. In Australia, the government devises a strategic approach which aims to reconcile the mining companies and the indigenous peoples (The Mining Ombudsman, 2007). As part of the Corporate Social Responsibility of the mining companies, they are obligated by the law to come up with humanitarian programs that which are directed towards the promotion of the welfare of the indigenous peoples in Australia. Mining companies conducted seminars, conferences and workshops that which enables the indigenous peoples know how mining projects operate and how could they help the indigenous peoples improve their everyday living. Through these programs and projects, the rights of the Indigenous Australians are being upheld in such a way that they are set towards progress and development together with the mining corporations. However, in the case of the mining operations in South Africa, there is a lack of consideration given to the indigenous peoples. The mining companies in South Africa have been reportedly accused of exploiting the natural resources within the habitats of the indigenous peoples in South Africa (Communities take shine off, 2006). Environmental degradation, displacement of the indigenous peoples from their residences, and health hazards brought about by the mining operations are among the issues raised by the indigenous communities (Communities take shine off, 2006). Their rights as people are being neglected in such way that the mining activities cause harm on their part. Many forests are deforested and the wild life is severely threatened. It is to be noted that most of the indigenous peoples in South Africa live on uplands as well as near forests. The destruction of these forests signals the destruction of their homes too. Thus, in order to safeguard their rights for these natural resources (as their homes and source of food and others), protection and preservation of the environment should also be considered by the government as well as the mining corporations. In addition, there is also a treat to the health of the indigenous peoples caused by the toxic and other wastes products that are being secreted during mining activities (Communities take shine off, 2006). Water contamination and lead poisoning are some of the health hazards that are caused by mining. Lastly, cultural degradation is also said to occur in indigenous communities because mining devastates certain sites which are sacred and ceremonial for the indigenous peoples. Conclusion Though, mining serves the economic growth of Australia and South Africa, it does not change the fact that it brings certain disadvantages towards the people particularly on the indigenous peoples. The main difference between the impact of the mining operations on the indigenous communities in Australia and South Africa is that in Australia the government and the mining companies are aware of the fact that they should consider the well-being of the indigenous peoples whereas in South Africa the government and the mining corporations lacks awareness and cooperation to resolve the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the mining operations. Works Cited Maybury-Lewis, David. Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Groups, and the State. Second ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Sharp, Anne. Indigenous Peoples of the World – Australia. First ed. Lucent Books, 2002. Clark, Domini. South Africa the People. Crabtree Publishing Company, 1999. â€Å"The Mining Ombudsman. † 2007. Oxfam Australia. 09 November 2007 http://www. oxfam. org. au/campaigns/mining/ombudsman/. â€Å"Indigenous Community Organisations and Miners: Partnering Sustainable Regional Development. † 14 February 2007. The Australian National University. 09 November 2007 http://www. anu. edu. au/caepr/mining. php. â€Å"Communities take shine off platinum players in South Africas Bushveld. † 19 May 2006. Mines and Communities. 09 November 2007 http://www. minesandcommunities. org/Action/press1099. htm.

An Essay About Orbits Communications Essay

An Essay About Orbits Communications Essay The word orbit we hear it very often, whenever the space shuttle launched or it meets up ISS (International Space Station) or when a rocket launches a payload, we always come across the word ‘orbit. But what actually the orbit is? An orbit is a specific path on which an artificial satellite revolves/travels around another body or planet .This path is regular and repeating .Satellite can be natural and artificial, like Moon .Moon itself acts like a satellite which travels around the Earth in a particular path. In the solar system , nine planets including Earth ,revolves around the sun in an orbit .Satellite that travels around the Earth are not in a constant distance from Earth, it varies .Sometimes its closer and sometimes far away. The closest orbit of satellite around the Earth is called â€Å"perigee† and farthest orbit called â€Å"apogee†. The time required for a satellite to complete full orbit is called a â€Å"period†. According to Isaac Newtons first law of motion, a moving object will remain in motion unless something pulls it or push it, and that is gravity. Without Earths gravity, satellite would go off in the space along a straight path .With Earths gravity it keep on pulled satellite back to Earth. To maintain the orbit, the gravitational force and the momentum of moving object have to be balanced. Another factor is Escape velocity. It is the speed of an object (satellite) to break free from the gravity of the planet and enters into a certain orbit. It depends on the mass of the planet and varies from planets to planets and the distance from the centre of the planet to the object (satellite) is also important. The escape velocity of Earth is approx. 11.3 km (7 miles)/hr. Orbital Velocity: Orbital velocity is the required speed needed for an object (satellite) to stay in an orbit. It is about and altitude of 242 km, approx 17,000 miles /hr. [4] SATELLITE ORBITS There are three different types of orbits High Earth orbit (Geostationary orbit), Medium Earth orbit (MEO), and Low Earth orbit (LEO).The orbit selected for satellite is depend on its usage and application. Direct Broadcast Programmes and weather communication satellites use Geostationary Orbit, as they are far away from the Earth and they travel in the Earths direction therefore looks stationary .Satellite navigation systems (NAVSTAR or GPS [global positioning system] ),designed to navigate a particular region or area and satellite phones are in MEO(Medium Earth Orbit). NASAs Earth Observing System and other scientific satellites uses LEO (Lower Earth Orbit). [5] [6] Earth orbits. [7] ORBITAL DISTANCES[8] , [9] Orbits Orbit Initials Miles Km 1-way Delay Orbit altitude (KM above earths surface) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 100-500 160 1,400 50ms 200 1200 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 6,000 12,000 10-15,000 100ms 1200 35790 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) ~22,300 36,000 250 ms 35790 Circular and Elliptical Paths There are two types of orbit paths, in which satellite travels around the Earth, circular and elliptical. In circular orbits, the distance between the earth and satellite remains same all the time. When a satellite orbit around the Earth, it creates a plane, which goes across the geo -centre or centre of gravity of Earth. If the satellite orbit with Earths rotation, it is called â€Å"posigrade† and if it is in opposite direction, it is â€Å"retrograde†. The path of satellite around Earth is also defined. If the satellite travels directly overhead the Earth, it makes a circle which had the centre of gravity of Earth known as â€Å"Ground Track† and it consists of single point on Earths Equator. [10] Satellite orbit paths. [11] HEIGHT OF ORBIT The distance between satellite and earth or the height of orbit decides how fast the satellite is going to travels around the Earth. The satellite motion is always controlled by the gravity of the Earth. The more nearer the satellite is, gravity gets stronger and it travels more faster. For instance, NASAs Aqua satellite completes the period in 99 minutes around Earth at approx 750kms up, on the other hand a weather satellite takes 23 hrs, 56 mins, and 4 secs to complete a period at 42,164km away from Earth. If we look at Moons one complete period around Earth, it takes 28days at 384,403 kms from the centre of Earth. By changing the height of satellite, it effects on its orbital speed as well. For changing the speed of the satellites orbit, the satellite operator fire thrusters which helps the satellite to accelerate more. It would boost the orbit, in terms of increasing the altitude but it will slow the orbital velocity. Instead of that, the satellite operator should fire the thrusters in opposite direction of the satellite ,By doing this ,it will push the satellite into the lower orbit , which causes increment in orbital velocity. ECCENTRICITY OF AN ORBIT It directs to the pattern, shape of the orbit path. With a low eccentricity the satellite will move close to the Earth in circle (Lower earth orbit). The Eccentricity of an orbit refers to the diversion of orbit from an ideal circle path. With eccentricity of (e) = 0 the orbit forms a circular path, the value of eccentricity lies between 0 ~1.With high (e) = 0.9 the orbits forms an elliptical orbit, the nearest distance from Earth is called perigee and furthest distance is called apogee. In any elliptical orbit, it focused on two focal points, and one of them is geo-centre of Earth, Picture taken from [link] , (NASA illustration by Robert Simmon Another crucial factor is plane of satellite orbital path. An orbital inclination is the angle between the plane of the orbit with the equator of the earth. If the orbit is directly overhead the equator of Earth, it will have an inclination of 0 ° or 180 ° and generally it is called equatorial orbits .And if the orbit is passing over the north and south poles of the Earth , it will make and inclination of 90 °and known as polar orbits. Angle of Inclination [link1] , [link2]. Another feature is the angle of elevation, above the earths plane with a given location of earth and time. It plays an important role when a contact between satellite and earth station is required. Angle of elevation means, when the satellite appears on the horizontal axis of earth. Signals from Earth station may be interrupted if the angle is too small or if the earth stations antenna is not located on high altitude. Minimum of 5 ° angle of elevation is acceptable for satisfactory results. [link] All together, the satellite height, inclination and eccentricity helps to observe the satellite path and what vision it will have on the Earth. TYPES OF ORBITS HIGH EARTH ORBIT [GEO (Geostationary /Geosynchronous orbit)] When a satellite approaches 42,164 kms away from the centre of the Earth (approx 36,000kms from the surface of Earth) it enters into a special plane of orbit where its period starts matching the earths rotation and it orbits the same velocity as Earths. So, the satellite starts behaving as stationary over the Earths equator surface. This High Earth Orbit is known as Geosynchronous. A satellite moving in circular orbit directly overhead the Earths surface with eccentricity and angle of inclination at 0 °forms a geosynchronous also known as geostationary orbit. As it follows the Earth , so it completes its 1 period in 24 hours. GEO orbit is an ideal orbit for monitoring weather forecast events ,because in GEO orbit , the satellite can provide a constant image of same surface range as it follows the Earth.GEO stationary satellites like, GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) sends data after every few minutes about wind , regular inspection of cloud impressions and water vapours. Launched and built by NASA, operated by NOAA (National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration) .GOES satellite also helps to locate the ships and aeroplanes in distress situation. Earth images at different intervals of time. [link] As geostationary satellite is always on fixed single position, they can be useful for satellite phones, direct satellite broadcast, radio etc. Just beyond the bounds of High Earth Orbit, there are Lagrange Points. At these points the earths gravity pull cancels the Suns gravity pull .Any satellite placed on these points will get proportional pull towards the Sun and the Earth and it will start moving with the Earth around the Sun. There are 5 Lagrange points, L1 L2 are located opposite sides of the Earth i.e., night and day sides. L3 is located on the other side of the Sun, adverse side of the earth. Only are stable points , located at 60 ° above and behind the Earth in same orbit. On L1, L2 L3 any slight agitation will drop out the satellite out of Lagrange point. At these critical points, they need constant and regular adjustments to stay balanced within the orbit. But on L4 and L5 even if they get disturbed they return back to their initial point. Lagrange Points MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT Satellites which orbits in medium earth orbit they move more quickly as compared to GEO because they are closer to Earth. There are two types of medium earth orbits, Semi Synchronous orbit and Molniya Orbit. 1) Semi Synchronous orbit: This orbit is a near to circular orbit with a very low eccentricity, with a distance of 26,560 kms away from the centre of Earth approximately 20,200 kms from the Earths surface. At this distance, the satellite takes 12 hours to complete its 1 period/orbit. As satellite orbits, the Earth revolves under it and in 24 hours of time, the satellite come across the same 2 points everyday on the equator. This orbit is persistent and much more predictable. This orbit is used by GPS satellites (Global Positioning System). 2) Molniya Orbit: This is the second orbit in MEO, the Molniya orbit. Made by Russians, it works satisfactory for determining high latitudes. With the high eccentricity of 0.722 and inclination of 63.4 ° it forms a huge ellipse orbital path with the Earth, and it is very close with the Earth on one edge. Due to this, it gets accelerated by the earths gravity. As it orbits more faster when it is near to Earth and it slows down, when it moves far away .Due to the high eccentricity, it spends more time at the top of ellipse orbit. Similar to Semi Synchronous orbit, it takes 12 hours to complete its 1 period/orbit and in 24 hours of time, the satellite come across the same 2 points everyday .Molniya orbit is useful for communication in far hemispheres. This orbit is used by Russian communications satellites and the Sirius radio satellites. LOW EARTH ORBIT With a 160-1,240 miles altitude, it forms a low earth orbit in a circular path above the Earths surface. The satellites moving in this orbit complete one period/orbit in roughly 90 minutes. It means they can faster in LEO at approximately 17,000 mph.[link]. Mostly weather communication satellites and scientific satellites are in Low earth orbit .the satellites in LEO got different angle of inclination .the inclination angle depends on the purpose of what to monitor. For example, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellite tasked to monitor the rainfalls in the tropic regions. So that it has a low inclination of 35 ° and it is closer to the equator. NASAs Earth observing system satellites are in LEO and in polar orbits. As they orbits around the north to south poles, they are highly inclined and they takes 99 minutes to complete 1 period/orbit. In half of the period (e.g. north to south pole), they captured the daytime of Earths surface, and in second half period they capture the opposite night time side of the Earth. In 24 hours, the satellites in polar orbits capture the Earth twice, once in daytime and second in night time. The polar -orbiting satellites have one special spot on the equator which lets them to stay in 1 time. This orbit is a Sun Synchronous orbit which indicates that no matter whenever the satellite comes across the equator, the local solar time will be same on the ground as well. For example, Terra satellite, when it crosses the Brazil on equator the time is always about 10:30 am. After completing its one orbit in 99 minutes, when it next overpasses the Earth equator, it comes across the Ecuador or Colombia at about 10:30. The path of Sun-synchronous obit is very narrow. To maintain the sun -synchronous orbit, it is necessary for a satellite to achieve a height of 100 kms with an orbital inclination of 96 °. Accomplishing Maintain the Orbit: To launch a satellite into a particular orbit, an enormous amount of energy is required, and this energy is depends upon the height of the orbit, location of launch site and orbital inclination. For High Earth Orbits, requires huge energy boost just to reach their destination. Polar orbit satellites take more energy as compared to the satellites which are overhead the Earths equator as they didnt gets boost from earths momentum .The ISS (International Space Station) orbits at orbital inclination of 51.6397 ° and it helps other space shuttles to reach to it . Maintaining the Orbit: perturbation There are many factors which effects the orbital inclination of satellites. As in the solar system there are many other gravity pulls as well, such as from the Sun , Moon , and Jupiter , the biggest planet in the solar system NASAS LEO satellites , requires maintenance every year to maintain the inclination of sun-synchronous orbit. Satellites in LEO are also dragged out from their orbit because of the atmosphere. Satellites in lower earth orbit moves through the thinnest layers of the atmosphere where air friction is quite strong and it is more than enough to pull them out from the orbit or pull them closer to Earth. If the satellite comes closer to Earth, Earths gravity accelerates them to boost up, it will either burn up or fall down to earth. Air always rises and expands if heated. The air in the atmosphere rises and expands due to the Suns extra enormous amount of energy. The thinner sheet of atmosphere rises and thicker layer under it takes it place. Now, the satellite orbits in thicker layer instead of thinner layer. It creates more friction between the medium and the satellite. As there is a lot of space junk, orbital debris in orbital paths.

The Catcher In The Rye: Book Review :: essays research papers

The Catcher In The Rye: Book Review The Catcher In The Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, is a fictional novel that was first published in 1965. The novel takes place in New York City and in Pennsylvania over a duration of four days. This novel tells the story of an emotionally disturbed teenager who has been kicked out of a boarding school. The story is told from the point of view of a teenager who is the narrator of the story. The main character in this novel is Holden Caulfield. He is sixteen years old and serves as the narrator of this novel. Holden does not like anybody or anything around him. He is an emotionally troubled kid and has many problems with his life. Phoebe is Holden's little sister. She is ten years old and lives at home with their parents. Phoebe really admires and loves her big brother, Holden. This novel begins when Holden is in a mental hospital in California. The novel is a flashback of the events over a time period of four days. The flashback starts off when Holden gets kicked out of his boarding school, Pency Prep, because he is failing most of his classes. Holden decides to go into New York City for a couple of days until his parents will be expecting him home for Christmas vacation. Holden goes to bars and meets with friends during this time. On the third night, Holden decides to go and visit his sister, Phoebe. Phoebe is one of the only people that Holden actually loves. Holden talks to Phoebe about his life being a failure. He is trying to understand life and his place in the world. Holden decides that he wants to go see Mr. Antolini, an old teacher, to help him get a better understanding of his life. At Mr. Antolini's home, Holden discusses many of the problems that he is facing. Mr. Antolini tells Holden that he has to learn not to hate everyone around him. He has to learn to love people. Holden is told that he has to think about his future. He has to decide when he is going to start to take life seriously and apply himself in school. Holden's conversation with Mr. Antolini is the climax of the novel. This is the point of the novel when Holden starts to listen and understand his problems. He realizes that it is time he put his life back on the right track. The next day, Holden returns home to his family. Holden is taken directly to a

Hofstede?s Value Dimensions Essay -- essays research papers

Hofstede's value's system Dimensions of Values The affect the four dimensions, Power Distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculine/femininity and Individual v. Collectivism have on organzational behavior shows in all cultures and cross cultures. As with power distance when dealing with other cultures you have to adapt your company values to that of the society in which you live and the people that you employ and the public that you deal with. In organizational behavior you have to be able to adapt or willingly participate and follow through on those culture beliefs of society. So your management structure has to follow the structure of that society while understanding uncertainty avoidance knowing that certain cultures like to have rules stressed, want work regulated and are willing to work hard, conform to standards and are very secure in their jobs. While some other cultures don't have as many rules or less conforming, security is not as stressed and hard work is not seen as normal life, although if you are willing to stand out by doing a job that is not expected or coming up with an idea this is more valued because it is seen as taking a risk. In addition to power distance and uncertainty avoidance affecting organization behavior there is also the Masculinity/Femininity cultures. In this area you will find certain cultures that are clearly masculine, where the dominance of men is supported and economic success is based on the men being in charge while at the same time so...

Killing a disabled infant is not morally equivalent to killing a person

According to the Utilitarian Philosopher, Peter Singer’s final paragraph in his article entitled, â€Å"Moral Maze†, â€Å"Killing a†¦person. Very†¦at all† (Singer, 2001). In support to his aforementioned claim, he argues that:First of all, he utilizes kids who suffer from a condition technically referred to as â€Å"Severe Spina Bifida† as an example, and reiterates that even if a surgery may be carried out later in the life of these children, it still does not change the fact that these patients are extremely unhappy because they would have to go through exceedingly painful and uneasy life experiences (Singer, 2001). This resulted in Singer’s belief that since a child will only live such an unhappy life, then it is not worth living at all, thus, the child should not suffer further and should be allowed to die instead (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to save the child from living an exceedingly unhappy life (Singer, 2001).Secondly, Singer upholds â€Å"utilitarianism† by encouraging the principle which states that an act is right if carried out to attain the greatest happiness and will benefit the greatest number as well (Will.., n.d.). He again picked another medical condition, which is technically known as â€Å"hemophilia† to restate his conviction (Singer, 2001). He says that killing the disabled infant will result in another newborn child with the possibility that the child will be happier, the parents would not have to worry about another child who suffers from â€Å"hemophilia† (Singer, 2001).Explaining further, without the child with hemophilia, the parents will not have to attend to painful bleedings which are difficult to clot if not impossible (Singer, 2001). When Singer says that greatest happiness, he means, the ch ildren will be attended to equally and adequately because there is no other child with hemophilia to share their parents’ time with; and at the same time, the parents will also be happy because they will not have to think endlessly about their sick child (Singer, 2001).In addition to that, when Singer says â€Å"greatest number†, he apparently refers to the unaffected normal children, the hemophiliac who no longer has to live a painful life, as well as, the parents who never have to worry (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done with the intention to attain the greatest happiness and to benefit the greatest number (Singer, 2001).Third, Singer believes that killing an infant who’s â€Å"physically challenged† is not killing an individual and that it is not an act which can be labeled as wrong bec ause here an abortion is carried out to hamper delivery of a child who according to prenatal diagnosis has â€Å"hemophilia† or â€Å"Down’s Syndrome† (Singer, 2001). In addition to that, he says that there should be fairness and equality in the sense that if fetuses’ lives are taken away through an abortion, then it should also be allowable that newborns who have â€Å"hemophilia† or â€Å"Down Syndrome† etc (Singer, 2001). Also, he adds that just like fetuses, newborns may also be restored or replaced (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to hamper the delivery of a â€Å"physically challenged† child, to institute fairness between fetuses and newborns, as well as, establish the fetuses and newborns’ ability to be replaced (Singer, 2001).Fourth, Singer’s co nviction is that killing a disabled or â€Å"physically challenged† infant is not wrong because he considers an infant as â€Å"still not human† (Singer, 2001). He says that since an infant does not yet have the ability to think critically, still very much dependent on the people surrounding him or her, and is not yet aware of the occurrences around him or her, thus, the infant is not yet qualified to be labeled as a human being (Singer, 2001). The aforementioned characteristics are extremely crucial for Singer since he pushes that, parents should be given the right to decide if it would be better for the child’s life to be taken away (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to help parents realize the characteristics the infant have and that they should be given the right to decide for their children because infants are not yet aware, still dependent, and cannot yet think and decide for themselves (Singer, 2001).Last but not least, Singer believes that killing a â€Å"physically challenged† infant is alright to prevent an infant to be born with hemophilia (Singer, 2001). His example is a case wherein a pregnant mother will have to wait for three months so as not to have a baby with hemophilia (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to make sure that such kind of waiting is worthy enough because it will produce a child without any medical condition (Singer, 2001).Meanwhile, I beg to disagree with one of Peter Singer’s convictions. If for him, letting an infant who is â€Å"physically challenged† die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is d one to save the child from living an exceedingly unhappy life, then he might as well re-think about it (Singer, 2001). For example, even if the best reply to my objection is the fact that â€Å"Severe Spina Bifida† is incurable at the moment, this should not result in a final decision that the child be killed.In the first place, there are available therapies to manage such a condition, for instance, certain rehabilitations to motivate progress and hamper speedy worsening of the condition. Besides, there are several new researches that are ongoing with regards to how it may be managed. Besides, who’s to say that a disabled or â€Å"physically challenged† child will be exceedingly unhappy? Countless agreeable things can happen, but only if we resort and stick to current research, positive thinking, and our morals. On a final note, to assume that a disabled child will turn out to be very unhappy if he or she lives with such a condition is really unreasonable, thus, to kill a disabled infant for that simple reason is way wrong as well.ReferencesSinger, P. (2001). Moral Maze. Retrieved March 4, 2007 fromhttp://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/20010211.htmWill Durant Foundation. (n.d.). A Will Durant Glossary of Philosophical and ForeignWords. Retrieved March 4, 2007 from http://www.willdurant.com/glossary.htm