Police and Ethical duties to apprehend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police and Ethical duties to apprehend - Essay Example In keeping with the Queensland, Australia Police code of ethics, I am responsible for being fair. I am also obligated to comply with the law strictly. This is a difficult scenario as everyone has an excuse for their behavior. The elderly man may claim to need the marijuana for medicinal purposes but that is not the point. The issue at and is that he is in possession of an illegal substance and it is my job to apprehend him according to the law. I will have no choice but to take him into custody and from there, investigation of his doctor’s orders and prescription can be assessed. If I do not apprehend the man, I am abiding perhaps by the portion of the ethics code that instructs law enforcement officials to be fair. If I however, do apprehend the man, I am abiding by the letter of the law which is my duty. I would apply the SELF test to this situation and ask myself first if the decision to apprehend the man would withstand â€Å"scrutiny† from the community and the service? I fell that if I apprehend the man, I will receive less scrutiny than if I do not apprehend the man. The Australian drug laws are rigid and very clearly have no tolerance for possession. If the marijuana is given to the man by a doctor, that can be established later. For now, the right decision is apprehension of the man in possession of marijuana without regard to his age. Next I will need to ask myself if my decision will â€Å"ensure† compliance with the oath that I took as a member of the police. I feel that my decision to apprehend would surely comply with that oath as I am to uphold the law and the law states that marijuana is illegal. If I do not apprehend the man, I feel that my decision would not â€Å"ensure† such compliance. Next, the question is whether or not my decision is in fact â€Å"lawful†. It is clearly illegal to have marijuana on one’s possession. Regardless of the reason

PA Design Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PA Design Report - Assignment Example In an effort to increase the level of insulating sound in the arena, the material that was used for construction is reinforced concrete. It is among the few European arenas which is featured with a seating of 360 degrees. The arena is one of the busiest in the globe. It has millions of visitors streaming in every year to attend live music, comedy, tours, musicals and sporting events. A public address system is a system of electronics which comprises of a loudspeaker, an amplifier and a microphone and I geared towards amplifying the voice or sound of the speaker or recorded audio so as to permit effective communication with a large group of people. Public address systems play a very key role in the society. They are used in several places where their use is almost virtually indispensable. These include noisy places such as railway terminus, market places, churches, airports, harbors and the like. They are used to facilitate numerous functions which include campaigning in political ral lies; reaching to large multitudes; advertising and making sales in crowded places; making open air prayers among Muslim societies and the like. The Manchester Evening News Arena mostly uses or requires a public address system for functions such as announcing the performer in the next music or sport event; announcing the scores in a sports activity; transmitting the address of guests in attendance to the occupants of the arena; making announcements regarding procedures of departure or refreshment among several others. Concert The concert for which this design I slated is Rock band concert which shall be graced by the popular Aerosmith band. They shall be entertaining an expected huge crowd of people who shall come out to party given the reputation of the band. It is expected to be an all entertaining show piece which shall be in the form of a live music performance by the band. The Arena is very big and with the huge crowd that shall throng it, the Public address system that is nece ssary for the concert has got to be top notch. Major Design consideration The major factor of consideration in the design of a public address system is the space and pathway for the wiring lines and the public address system equipment. The design should create clear cut path ways where the cables shall pass so as to avoid human interference with the system. In the event that the cables are laid in the paths where there is constant traffic, there is a high chance that the traffic might stumble upon the wires and accidentally cut one, a number of or all of them. In this case, the public address system shall miserably fail (BARNETT, WOODGATE, JONES, & INGLIS 1991). What is worse is the fact that it might take a very long time to identify where the problem is before fixing it. This shall cause a delay in the schedule and a total mayhem in the arena. The best design of public address system for the arena is thus one which has all the cables buried in pipes underground and in concrete wal ls or pillars. The speakers and equipment should also be connected in parallel and not in series. Equipment connected in series have the tendency of all failing in the event where one of them fails. On the contrary, equipment connected in parallel keep working even after one of them or a number of them have failed. Sound on stage The stage is where a bulk of the activities shall be taking place as it shall be focus of attention. All eyes shall be on the stage and of course so shall be all

Water Parks Essay Example for Free

Water Parks Essay Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management. 2011, Vol. 20 Issue 3/4, p407-424. 18p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts. Document Type: Article Subject Terms: *TOURISM *TOURIST attractions *TRAVEL *AMUSEMENT parks *FAMILIES Author-Supplied Keywords: fun grounded theory push-pull theme park Tourism motivation travel ladder NAICS/Industry Codes: 713110 713110 Abstract: This study revealed the motivation constructs for visiting Legoland Windsor tourist attraction. Data was collected from visiting families using semistructured interviews and nonparticipant observations. Grounded theory was employed and the construct of fun that emerged as the main motivator for families to visit was deconstructed into its push-pull parts using traditional and revised push-pull frameworks, and contrasted to the travel career ladder model. The study offered an insight into the notion of fun as a motivator for families to visit a theme park. More importantly, by deconstructing the notion of fun associated with family theme park, a touristic setting, this study offered a significant contribution to knowledge; it provided a theorization of the concept, touristic fun, previously undertheorized. It also contributed to the literature on motivation, particularly, to visiting family theme parks. The study has also several implications for the development, management, and marketing of attractions of this type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]. Copyright of Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management is the property of Taylor Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. Copyright applies to all Abstracts. Author Affiliations: 1Faculty of Design, Media and Management, Bucks New University, High Wycombe Campus, Buckinghamshire, England ISSN: 19368623 DOI: 10. 1080/19368623. 2011. 562431 Accession Number: 60294239 Database: Academic Search Premier Source: Arabia 2000, 01/30/2013 Document Type: Article Abstract: Doha, January 30 (QNA) Reach Out To Asia (ROTA) is encouraging all families in Qatar to ‘Reach Out By Having Fun at the 6th Wheels ‘n Heels Family Fun Day, taking place on Friday 8th February at the Museum of Islamic Art Park on the Doha Corniche. Accession Number: 6FI3145240364 Database: Newspaper Source Translate Full Text: HTML Full Text Reach Out by Having Fun at 6th Wheels ‘n Heels Family Fun Day Doha, January 30 (QNA) Reach Out To Asia (ROTA) is encouraging all families in Qatar to ‘Reach Out By Having Fun at the 6th Wheels ‘n Heels Family Fun Day, taking place on Friday 8th February at the Museum of Islamic Art Park on the Doha Corniche. Launching Qatars premier community event of the year during a press conference at the Qatar Foundation Recreation Center, Board Member H. E Dr. Sheikha Aisha bint Falah Al Thani was joined by representatives from Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 Flagship Sponsor Maersk Oil Qatar and Leadership Sponsor Commercial Bank Qatar to launch the annual event which encourages Qatar to live a healthy lifestyle. Launching Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 HE Sheikha Aisha bint Falah Al Thani said: â€Å"It is with great excitement that we announce the 6th Wheels n Heels Family Fun Day. For this years event at the Museum of Islamic Art Park, a long list of celebrities, entertainers and sports stars are joining and helping ROTA promote the health benefits of regular exercise, healthy diet and enjoying life. † On the day that families across Qatar comes out to enjoy and play, Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 partners with the final stage of the Tour of Qatar to give families the opportunity to cycle the same circuit used by the professional cyclists, as well as take part in fitness activities and watch celebrities perform on The Stage. All family members are invited to climb aboard a bike, jump on a skateboard or lace up a pair of trainers to complete The Circuit as adults, children and celebrities jog, walk, cycle or wheelchair three kilometres along the Doha Corniche to help ROTA raise fund to provide quality education to 48 million children in need across Asia. In partnership with Flagship Sponsor Maersk Oil Qatar, Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 is making a special effort to promote Action on Diabetes, an initiative supported by Maersk Oil Qatar which is designed to deliver the Emir H. H Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thanis vision of a healthier and prosperous Qatar by 2030. Speaking at the press conference, Maersk Oil Qatars, Mr. Faisal Al Medehkah Head of Social Investment said: â€Å"Maersk Oil Qatar is very proud to support Wheels ‘n Heels as a flagship sponsor. With our partners from ‘Action on Diabetes, we will also be setting up our diabetes awareness village to compliment the event activities. Healthy lifestyles are a very important factor in preventing Type 2 diabetes, and we are pleased to join with ROTA at this important event†. The Action on Diabetes village has already proved very successful – attracting more than 15,000 thousand visitors during a 4-day Katara event in November 2012. Specialists from Supreme Health Council, Qatar Diabetes Association, Hamad Medical Corporation, the Primary Health Care Corporation, and Novo Nordisk, partners with Maersk Oil in the Action on Diabetes project will be at hand to offer diabetes testing and provide advice on preventing and managing diabetes. â€Å"We have a strong corporate social responsibility programme that proactively makes a sustainable and positive impact on the Qatari society. Our social investment activities are largely focused in the areas of health, education, capacity building, and the environment – where we believe we can make a positive contribution that supports development in the State of Qatar† added Mr. Faisal. Kids Zone is guaranteed to keep the kids occupied for hours with non-stop live entertainment, bouncy castles, face painting and a whole lot of fun games, interactive sports and performances by well-known singers and dancers. The Childhood Cultural Centre, founded under the initiative of Her Highness Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser to encourage, support and develop social growth in Qatar, will be providing books and arts and crafts materials to Wheels ‘nHeels 2013. Reach Out To Asia is thrilled to announce a top-class collection of singers, dancers and musicians will be keeping the crowds entertained on the Wheels ‘n Heels Stage. Meanwhile, childrens entertainers will ensure the kids enjoy themselves while a host of local and international celebrities and sports stars take part in the Wheels ‘n Heels Autograph Signing session. ‘Stay Active and Healthy will be the message in the Active Health Zone as kids and adults learn more about first aid, how to prevent accidents. even get a free health checkups. Civil Defense staff will also be on hand to teach young ones the importance of road safety, traffic rules, fire safety and how to use a fire extinguisher. If you have the energy, join Aspire, the Qatar Cycling Federation and the Girls on the Go who promise hours of fun sports and fitness activities for the whole family. Commenting on behalf of Commercial bank, Abdulla Saleh Al Raisi, Deputy CEO, said: â€Å"We are proud to be †Leadership Sponsorsâ€Å" of ROTA Wheels ‘n Heels 2013 because we firmly believe in doing our part to support initiatives that benefit society as a whole, especially initiatives that promote the values of education and healthier lifestyles two values that are particularly close to our heart. ROTA Wheels ‘n Heels fundraising plans also inspire with the spirit of reaching out to people less fortunate in need of support, and encourage with its sense of the possible, and at Commercial bank we believe ‘everything is possible. We look forward to supporting ROTA to achieve its plans, and enjoying a fun-filled family day next month. † The Big Screen, a large outdoor screen showing Wheels ‘n Heels activities, sponsor information, entertainment from The Stage and inspirational ROTA videos, to ensure everyone can follow all the Wheels ‘n Heels action. Ensuring everyone has enough energy to enjoy the entire six hours of Wheels ‘n Heels excitement, the Wheels ‘n Heels Food Zone provides a selection of tasty, healthy snacks and drinks throughout the day. As well as the invaluable support of Flagship Sponsors Maersk Oil Qatar and Leadership Sponsor Commercial Bank Qatar, ROTA Strategic Partner Qatar Cycling Federation and a number of Qatari organisations will be demonstrating their corporate social responsibility by participating in the event as Wheels ‘n Heels Partners: Civil Defense, Qtel, Qatar National Cancer Society, Qatar Institute for the Elderly and National Programs. â€Å"ROTA encourages the families of Qatar to say yes to a healthy lifestyle by taking part in a community day of celebration on the 8th February. Come along to the Museum of Islamic Art and enjoy the entertainment, take part in the fun activities and donate to ROTA projects which support children and communities in Qatar and across Asia, also I would like to address special invitation to all schools in Qatar to join us at the circuit† says ROTA Executive Director, Mr. Essa Al Mannai. (QNA) ? ?,f l QNA 1329 GMT 2013/01/30 Copyright 2013 by Qatar News Agency Distributed by UPI Copyright of Arabia 2000 is the property of Arabia 2000. The copyright in an individual article may be maintained by the author in certain cases. Content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. Source: Arabia 2000, Jan 30, 2013 Item: 6FI3145240364.

Natural Language Processing in Theoretical Application :: essays research papers

Natural Language Processing in Theoretical Application Abstract:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, I will be discussing the creation and implementation of a device that will utilize the concepts of natural language processing and apply it to everyday activities. The device will be a carry-along unit that can be adapted to several devices a person would use everyday, like the car, items in the kitchen, and your computer. This device will be portable, compact, durable and adaptable. The device will not just adapt to any device however, the capability to interface with the device will have to be built into the objects that the device will interact with. I will discuss about this in length during the paper, as this will present the largest difficulty in making the device an actuality and usable. Another aspect I will also talk about is training. No natural language processing system is perfect, actually none are. The user must be trained with the system and adapted to the system to really make it work. This will require technicians to not only train the user to use the device and adapt it to the user’s products but also to provide constant technical support. In this design a preset lexicon must be set to make this design plausible. I will relate how big this lexicon can be and how flexible future designs of this lexicon will appear. I will also provide logical breakdowns of commands being used, with copious amounts of examples for several environments. I will also discuss where troubles could arise in the actual implementation of the product and what semantic flaws could occur with frequency. Finally, I will discuss the feasibility of this design and whether the market and the technology are ready for this kind of attempt at natural language processing software integration. Introduction â€Å"The Jacques Boxâ„ ¢ will knock your socks off! This revolutionary product will change the way humans use their everyday products forever. Want to change the radio station in your car without taking your eyes off the road? Wrist deep in cake batter and you need to preheat the oven? Tired of using the excuse that you’ve â€Å"only got two hands†? Well not anymore, with The Jacques Boxâ„ ¢, you can now activate anything from your car, your computer or even your whole kitchen with just the sound of your voice.† Sounds good coming across the radio, or being offered for three easy payments of 149.99, but the reality of this is much further then the present.

Market Outlooks Simbrand

PRACTICE ROUND European demand is already at a good level. The annual demand growth is estimated to be between 30 and 100% annually, depending on the segment. In the Asian market the demand level currently is low, but the growth is expected to be even higher than in Europe. In both Europe and Asia the growth will be fastest during the next couple of years, after which the growth is likely to slow down. In any case, the consensus among analysts is that the growth rates will be positive for several years to come. The high-end segments in both the consumer and company segments play a major role in the first years. Later on, with market penetration, the low-end segments might well dominate the sales volumes. Because PDAs are still rather unfamiliar products especially among low-end segments, and since the companies are new and thus unknown, it is important to think carefully about advertising and channel investment decisions. Advertising and channel investments have a long-term effect on demand and therefore, it might be rather risky to neglect these areas of the marketing mix completely. Finally, the group’s financial officers as well as executives of the production company have emphasized the importance of accurate sales forecasts. Budgets are useless if forecasted sales are far from reality, which usually decreases the quality of decisions significantly. In addition, production facilities’ output is preliminarily planned according to the forecasts. Large adjustments required in case of poor forecasts result in increased unit costs. ROUND 1 European demand is already at a good level. The annual demand growth is estimated to be between 30 and 100% annually, depending on the segment. In the Asian market the demand level currently is low, but the growth is expected to be even higher than in Europe. In both Europe and Asia the growth will be fastest during the next couple of years, after which the growth is likely to slow down. In any case, the consensus among analysts is that the growth rates will be positive for several years to come. The high-end segments in both the consumer and company segments play a major role in the first years. Later on, with market penetration, the low-end segments might well dominate the sales volumes. Because PDAs are still rather unfamiliar products especially among low-end segments, and since the companies are new and thus unknown, it is important to think carefully about advertising and channel investment decisions. Advertising and channel investments have a long-term effect on demand and therefore, it might be rather risky to neglect these areas of the marketing mix completely. Finally, the group’s financial officers as well as executives of the production company have emphasized the importance of accurate sales forecasts. Budgets are useless if forecasted sales are far from reality, which usually decreases the quality of decisions significantly. In addition, production facilities’ output is preliminarily planned according to the forecasts. Large adjustments required in case of poor forecasts result in increased unit costs. ROUND 2 The total sales of PDAs in Europe are expected to grow hundreds of %. Growth will be fastest among the low-end segments. However, the price elasticity of these segments is rather high and thus the availability of cheaper models with reasonable features has a significant impact on the realized growth. The demand growth estimates for Asia seem even more promising than for Europe. In Asia, the market is still clearly dominated by high-end segments. By offering new high-tech models the companies can create more demand. Competence indices started to grow from the starting point of 100 but some analysts are waiting to see products with compactness and battery life ranging in between 105 – 110 this year. However, the production line cost of 3. 5 Mâ‚ ¬ is high considering the rather small size of the markets at the moment. This will certainly limit the enthusiasm in launching new models with nice new features. On the other hand, using the latest technology, that the R&D investments in the previous period have created, decreases the risk that products become obsolete rapidly. Therefore, new advanced products brought to markets now might turn out to be very successful in the long run. If companies decide to launch new products, they have to be sure that their products are not too close to each other in terms of features. Similarity causes the products to cannibalize each other. The financial market is turning cautious and more risk averse. The interest rates for start-ups are skyrocketing to two-digit figures. Companies are hit as soon as they run out of equity. ROUND 3 The adoption of PDAs is still accelerating in both market areas. Most analysts forecast that the stage of rapid growth is going to last for at least a couple of years, but later on the proportional growth will probably decrease. In addition, Asian growth figures are estimated to be constantly bigger than the European ones. PDA markets in Asia have undergone significant structural changes as low-end segments have gained a foothold in a relatively short period. What is more, it seems that the growth of low-end segments is mainly attributable to the areas associated with the lowest standard of living in the world. Companies are able to produce the same products they offered last year at a lower cost. This is partly due to economies of scale. In addition, lower costs are a result of knowledge improvements, i. e. as competence indices increase the earlier models can be produced more efficiently. Even though the low-end segments have become more and more important, companies cannot afford to cut R&D investments considerably. High-end segments are willing to pay more for innovative models and as a result they are going to be important especially in monetary terms in the future. The size of new PDAs is already very reasonable. Nowadays, the typical frontal area of a high-end device is largely covered by the display and further decreases in size will probably not be appreciated as much as previously. The components have also been pushed to very small sizes. As a result of rapidly growing PDA markets, the economies of scale factor has been decreasing the unit costs along with the increase in the technological know-how resulting from the R&D efforts. Interest rates remain at high levels. Therefore, interest payments might become a significant burden for highly leveraged companies. ROUND 4 As estimated in the previous period, the PDA markets in both continents continue to grow rapidly. Due to the vast population in Eastern Asia, the Asian households should grow to be the biggest segment even in global terms at the end of this period. However, the high price sensitivity of the segment will probably lead to low unit margins resulting in high growth at the expense of profit margins. Moreover, the high-end segments seem to be rather saturated and the increase in sales is about to stall to the level of repurchases. The differences in the Asian segments seem to continue to be larger than the differences in the European segments. This holds for all the preferences. What is more, the price sensitivities of the Asian segments are very different. As the number of models available in the markets has increased, the design has become a more important determinant of demand. This trend is prevailing in Europe. Comprehensive market research carried out in Europe revealed a challenging matter related to avant-garde design. High-end segments seem to appreciate avant-garde even more than before. However, some of the low-end customers reacted rather negatively to the design. Interest rates are at the same level as in the previous round. ROUND 5 As estimated, the growth of demand for PDAs has decelerated in both market areas. The deceleration of growth will turn into negative figures in high-end segments. However, the demand of low-end segments in both Europe and Asia might still grow at the rate of 100 %. As demand growth among all segments has been above 70 % in the recent years, these pessimistic scenarios bring about new challenges for the management in the future. Advertising seems to have a bigger effect on consumer segments than on corporate segments. The consumers’ response to advertising is approximately twice the response of the corporate segments according to the latest consumer research reports. Central banks all over the world have decreased their steering rates in order to lessen the severity of a threatening recession. As a result the interest rate level has decreased significantly. Moreover, the companies in the industry are now financially sound. The risk premium in the rates is decreasing. ROUND 6 The stage of rapid growth seems to be over in both Europe and Asia. Demand for PDAs is still growing globally but the growth rates are far from what they used to be. What is more, the long-term forecasts show that demand growth is going to slow down continuously as the markets mature further. However, the total size of both markets is rather large as a result of the rapid growth in previous years. Therefore, companies with satisfactory market shares should be able to earn nice profits. The high-end segments seem to appreciate functions, perhaps more than expected. Therefore, an extensive set of functions is required from the most popular models. As a result, the importance of functions is expected to grow gradually among low-end segments as well. However, the cost of adding functions is estimated to increase as the demand for them increases globally and the specific components become scarce. Interest rates continue to decrease. However, the difference between current and last round’s level is not very significant. Excluding the function-specific components (digital camera lenses, headsets, 3G-technology etc. ), the material costs should decrease as the most important manufacturers have managed to increase production capacity considerably. ROUND 7 The total demand for PDAs is still growing globally. The industry has clearly reached a stage of maturity and as a result, a significant growth in sales can only be achieved by increasing market share. Since typical devices are now characterized by large displays and advanced multimedia features, improving battery life and saving electricity consumption have become more challenging. The state of the world economy is rather unchanged and the interest rates are at the previous round’s level ROUND 8 Total Global growth rate is about the turn into negative figures, the competition for market share is expected to intensify. The number of products available has increased in both markets and as a result, the risk of similar products cannibalizing each other has become very real. Therefore, companies that manage to find new and innovative combinations of features might sell lots of devices at good prices. The most important piece of news of this period relates to the components. New double-core technology introduced by the two biggest manufacturers is going to revolutionize the processing speed, size and power usage of the devices in the near future. Therefore, investments in R&D are expected to produce new competences more efficiently than ever before. What is more, the new components are cheaper to manufacture and as a result, production costs are expected to remain at the current level for the next few years and to decrease after this. Economies in Asia are growing rapidly after the recent recession and thus, the interest rates might increase slightly. However, there are still many uncertainties in the world’s economy, for example, high unemployment in the EU and skyrocketing debt levels in the USA. ROUND 9 Despite the expected economic upturn, unemployment is still at high levels in most of the European countries. In addition, both consumer and business confidence indices have reached a decade low. Mostly as a result of these economic factors, the aggregate demand of PDAs in Europe is estimated to decrease for the first time in history. Households are the only segment that is associated with growth in demand. However, the price level has a large effect on the development and the realized demand might be somewhat different from these forecasts. In Asia on the other hand, the rapid economic growth continues and as a result, according to the analysts, the demand for PDAs continues to grow. The new generation of components has rapidly replaced the old ones. Companies are expected to launch several new models with advanced features. According to recent market information, the high-end segments in Asia are highly appreciative of the latest technology. The component prices have decreased earlier than expected. The development is going to be reflected in the unit costs already in this period. Interest rates continue to increase mostly because of the favorable economic development in Asia. ROUND 10 As the markets have matured and competition has become ever tougher, especially in Europe market demand for PDA’s has substantially decreased. This put an increased emphasis on marketing, features and price of the product. The overall appreciation of entertainment and good looks is still strong among households as is security for the corporations. According to market analysts, the weak European market development will most likely continue next year and now would be the time to consolidate one’s market position especially in Asia. Even though Asian market development was better than in Europe they too are expected to decrease more drastically next year. Analysts also predict a further reduction in sales next year due to the fact that second hand products are expected to come available in masses. As the broader market becomes more stable, mainly due to the strict interest rate policies of the largest central banks, and as the size of PDA market decreases material prices reach a new low. The decrease in material and manufacturing prices partly offsets the decrease in sales figures. Central banks fearing market overheating in Asia have yet increased their interest rates creating some financial trouble for the highly levered companies.

The New Husqvarna Electronic Chainsaw

Impact of economic recession on British manufacturing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2613 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Economy is the study of choice making by customers, business managers and government officials to attain their goals, given their scarce resources, in this era of globalization economy used to analyze real world development and productivity through interaction of buyers and sellers and cross border movement of goods, services, technology and capital. This movement caused by globalization and technology advancement in RD increased the number of MNE manufacturing which I am going to analyze in this assignment through PEST and strategic growth (Ansoff Matrix) in a case of British Manufacturing. Economic recession is slowdown of general economic activity over a period of time, this situation brings many effects in microeconomic and macroeconomic, as microeconomic deals with demand and supply and macroeconomic indicate variation in production as measured by gross domestic product (GDP)  [1]  , employment, investment spending, capacity utilisation, household incomes, business p rofit and inflation.  [2] . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of economic recession on British manufacturing" essay for you Create order Impact of economic recession People become jobless due to shut down of many firms Strong firms start getting down fall in profit data Creditors fail to pay Value of crucial merchandise increase rapidly No savings as people start to use their money for liquidity due to redundancy. Country gross domestic product data will start diminishing. Economic recession in British British, is the 6th largest country in the world in both Gross domestic product (GDP)  [3]  and Purchasing power parity (PPP)  [4]  , but due to many economic recession British face huge unemployment, GDP fell to 5.9% , most Banks reached stage of bankruptcy and affect many other sectors including investment firm. Multinational enterprise is a firm which has a worldwide approach to markets and production or a firm which operates in more than one county. (Daniels et al, 2009, pg 64) Advantages of Multinational enterprises It creates jobs and brings development through taxes. It improves BOP since they bring money to invest. It also acts as one of globalization motive through international integration of capital, technology, goods and people. Effect of MNEs to host country It creates unskilled labour and kills innovation through introduction of new technology Sometime they can have high influence to country economy and government operations as they operate in very large scales. Contribution of Multinational enterprises in British economy British economic growth depends in all sectors but secondary sector (Manufacturing) plays a vital role in British trade liberalization since colonial era, in this era of globalization British firms depends much on increasing investment (going global) be multinational enterprise and applying of new technology so as to be more innovative and cost efficiency. Example BLMC, Virgin, AstraZeneca, Vodafone and Tesco etc Diagram 1. Drivers of going global International Strategies Market Drivers ~ Similar customer needs ~ Global Customers ~ Transferable marketing Government Drivers ~ Trade policies ~ Technical Standards ~ Host government policies Competitive Drivers ~ Interdependence between countries ~ Competitors global strategies Johnson et al, pp. 297 Adapted from Yip (2003) Cost Drivers ~ Scale Economies ~ Country-specific differences ~ Favourable logistics Environment scans for British MNEs through PEST framework. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis which used to scan business environment through strategic management  [5]  so as to reduce uncertainty, minimise risk and deal with change. These variables are likely to influence organization demand, supply and its external costs. Diagram 2. Business environment scan Environmental Scan                /  External Analysis       Internal Analysis /                             Macroenvironment Microenvironment /    P.E.S.T. Political factor This is the major factor which affects MNEs operations in their foreign investment where by company has to focus on rules and regulations of the host countries. Also in British labour union has more power in all sectors but manufacturer are highly affected as their main stakeholders, to avoid these pressure group British MNEs continual to invest in labour intensive country like Africa, India and china. Taxation went down due to low productivity in recession period but European Union (EU) made a great contribution in British MNEs quick recover as is estimated to be the largest market accounting 23% of global sale, especially after further extension of EU zone. A new administrative rule was made to favour the members such as free trade flow and remove some of tariffs. As economy affect all sectors in the country, British economic recession of 2007-2008 played an immense role in changing political ruler (party in power) from Labour to Conservatives part, this also creates cha nge in investment, migration rules and business barrier (Hill, 2002) Economic factor Economic factor concern with demand, cost, prices and profits, one of the most influential elements on the economy is high unemployment levels, inflation and change in GDP. Economic recession which hit British so many times since 19th century made MNEs to suffer bankrupts and other firms were total close down, this is because firms are still highly dependent on local market as primary their primary source of growth and expansion example Tesco. Creditors failed to pay their loans which made banks to be in a danger of bankrupts like HSBC. In Recently recession of 2007-2008 British interest rate slash to 0.5%, GDP fell to 4.7%  [6]  and value of GBP fall all over the world which was major indicator of fall in country economy. Social factors The living standards of people dependent on wages and salaries are more affected by recessions than those who rely on fixed income or welfare benefit. The loss of a job in British create negative impact on the stability of families as people did not have money to support their families well being. Life standard of people change and moved toward one stop shopping, which drive chain of supermarket like Mark Spence, Tesco etc who are also manufacture to add value on their products and service through business mix. The type of goods and service demand by consumers is a function of their social conditioning and their consequent altitudes and beliefs. Consumers are becoming more aware of health issues, and their attitude towards foods are constantly changing, one example a Tesco which adapt product mix so as to accommodate an increase demand for organic product, the company was also the first to allow customer to pay in cheques and cash at the checkout. British improve Tax coll ection so as to finance government expenditure such as provision of credit to business or budget for social welfare, because by improving standard of living this will encourage citizen to work hard for economic development. Technology factors Rapidly growth in technology in this era of globalization helps British MNEs to run in low cost and increase flexibility. Invention of digital machines in western countries helped British MNEs to be more innovative like self check out machine in supermarkets example Tesco which speed up shopping process. Also due to high capital which firm spent in RD British MNEs benefit much in technology advancement as it creates new operation opportunities such as new marketing mix channel, new purchases environment e-business and low the cost of RD tools, where by firm can do primary feasibility study through e-data before do a survey in a target market. Example: Jaguar in e-business sees appendices 2 Environmental scanning helped British MNEs to face economic trend (world economic crunch and recession) by continual investment as well as shaping the future of their investment by identifying the elements of growth and expansion of their manufacturing industries. The direction of grow in British MNEs through Ansoff Matrix. In this era of globalization, every firm wants to grow and increase market share, operation tend to emphasize on developing corporate strategy which orient and push market objectives, but pushing market objective especially in foreign countries become a big dilemma due to economic recession and world political imbalance. In executing these strategies British MNEs has to identify a method which can make them analyze whether to continue with an existing mode or find a new one, this choice is considered with a combination of forecast in development of market and products in Ansoff matrix. Ansoff matrix is a four strategy alternatives which can be applied to any business so as to grow or expand market with its competitive advantage without changing the corporate strategy  [7]  , this mode was first introduced by Professor Igo Ansoff after quitting Lockheed Electronic as vice president and joining Carnegie University where he wrote a book called corporate strategy. Strategy which British MNEs can execute in a period of recession Market penetration This strategy can be more beneficially in period of recession where by firm had no enough fund to continual invest in a business. But firm can increase market share through competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resource dedicate to personal selling example Kellogg Company attempted to sell more cornflake to existing consumers by advertising the idea of eating Kellogg cornflake at any time of the day Also due to financial crisis which cause many people to lose their job pricing strategy can increase customers by convincing existing customer to use more and attract non users of the product. Product development This strategy may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets As British MNEs went through financial crisis in a period of recession this strategy can be more useful as firm can do minor change in existing product or develop a new one which will appeal the same market. The reasons that justify the use of this strategy includes:- To utilize the excess production capacity To counter competitive entry And maintain the company reputation as a product innovator and exploit new technology which will protect overall market share  [8]  . This strategy also moves the company into in to the market again and toward customer that are currently not being catered for. Example: In Automotive industry Ford Focus tended to replace Ford Escort. Market development This is when firm develop it market by move beyond its immediate customer by exporting goods to overseas market or selling to a new market segment. This strategy also can be usefully to British MNEs in a period of recession as firms can only adjust its operation and cooperate strategy by improve product dimension or packing, increase distribution channels or move to a new geographic example Tesco lunch Babys wear in Sweden. Will the benefit of new technology off set investment in RD for IB in an era of Globalization? It is true that benefit new technology can off set investment in RD due to the following resource. Globalization refer as integration of world economies through the reduction of barriers to the movement of trade, capital, technology and people.( John D.D, et al, pg 2009) This movement has high influence in social culture force which led to change in preference and altitude of customers towards quality and price of product due to this situation and huge capital which firm invest in RD example: UK-GlaxoSmithKline spent GBP 3,708m in pharmaceuticals biotechnology RD, firms decide to add new technology to counterbalance research and rapidly change in business. Also new technology had tremendous impact on International Business through development of new information technology whereby new market opportunities are now emerging through e-business which supports innovation and become the source of strategic advantage example current sales performance of Jaguar through e-busine ss.(Currimbhoy, 2004) In traditional firms production and sales was highly supported by RD but due to technical advances of internet and digital machinery firm improve production in competitive market and meet environment regulatory requirement in a short time through links system such as KM, CRM and ERPs New technology also improves distribution channels examples web shop, banner or linking and searching engine which speed up distribution and receive customer feedback quick. The development of new business information technology help firm to integrate their operation through usage computer software such as CAD,3Ds and 2Ds, these softwares provides firms with input- tools for the purpose of stream lining design process, drafting, documentation and manufacturing process which traditional was done after research. After this designing softwares also new technology assist firm in review their product performance before spending money in production through prototype and get f eedback from customers through company website. Regardless of all the benefit mentioned above new technology can also bring tough competition between firms due to economic integration and sharing of operation systems. Recommendation As world economy becomes more dynamic due to globalization this accelerate the technology advancement worldwide also many firms gets difficulty to hold on their competitive edge. British MNE has to increase efforts to develop means of collecting data globally in order to provide clear and more comprehensive, timely picture of RD for their investment abroad. New technology can be a crucial element in globalization but its implementation can be a slow process due to the following reasons:- As Technology frequently change, management is subjected to a dilemma whether to invest in new technology or not due to high capital which they will invest on it. It increases cost of operation in organizations for staffs re-training so they can have correlation with new system. It increases competition among firms due to the low production cost and effectively distribution channels. Appendices IMF data on economic recession Statistically, evidence of economic recession shown by IMF economist who states that global economic shows growth of three percent or less in four periods since 1985 (1990-1993, 1998, 2001-2002 and 2008-2009.  [9] Example of Technology factor for British Manufacture MNE Every factors has effect on its implementing example: Ford group in selling Jaguar car invest more in e-business and become source of strategic advantage (Currimbhoy, 2004) but as it create better supply chain control, development of this business side is very costly and the management have to choose between investing in jaguar brand uplifting or investing in future development of e- business and other operational improvement.  [10] https://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/report_international.pdf Reference and Bibliography Text Books Saleemi N.A, revised and update, 2008, Economics Simplified: introduction, Saleemi publications Ltd, Nairobi-Kenya. ISBN: 9966-28-982-8 Johnson G, et al, Fundamentals of strategy: Industries and sectors, Pearson education, first published 2009. ISBN: 978-0-273-71310-4 Daniel J.D, et al, 12th edition, 2009, International Business: environment and operations, Pearson, Prentice Hall, ISBN no. 978-0-13-500112-7. 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